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In a test method you call method cl_abap_unit_assert=>assert_equals( .. ) in the following way:CLASS Itcl1 DEFINITION FOR TESTING RISK LEVEL HARMLESS DURATION SHORT.PRIVATE SECTION.METHODS m1 FOR TESTING.ENDCLASS.CLASS Itcl1 IMPLEMENTATION.METHOD m1.DATA: go_test_object TYPE REF TO zcl_to_be_tested.CONSTANTS: Ico_exp TYPE string VALUE 'test2'.CREATE OBJECT go_test_object.cl_abap_unit_assert=>assert_equals(EXPORTINGact = go_class->mv_attributeexp = lco_expmsg = 'assert equals failed ' && go_test_object->mv_attribute && ' ' && lco_expENDMETHOD.ENDCLASS.What will happen if method parameters act and exp are not equal?
A. The tested unit will automatically be appended to a default ABAP Test Cockpit Variant. B. The tested unit cannot be transported. C. The test will be aborted. D. There will be a message in the test log.
Answer: D
Question # 2
Which of the following are ABAP Cloud Development Model rules?
Note: There are 2 correct answers to this question.
A. Use public SAP APIs and SAP extension points. B. Build ABAP RESTful application programming model-based services. C. Reverse modifications when a suitable public SAP API becomes available. D. Build ABAP reports with either ABAP List Viewer (ALV) or SAP Fiori.
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Use public SAP APIs and SAP extension points. This rule ensures that the ABAP Cloud code is stable,
reliable, and compatible with the SAP solutions and the cloud operations. Public SAP APIs and SAP
extension points are the only allowed interfaces and objects to access the SAP platform and the SAP
applications. They are documented, tested, and supported by SAP. They also guarantee the lifecycle
stability and the upgradeability of the ABAP Cloud code1.
Build ABAP RESTful application programming model-based services. This rule ensures that the ABAP
Cloud code follows the state-of-the-art development paradigm for building cloud-ready business
services. The ABAP RESTful application programming model (RAP) is a framework that provides a
consistent end-to-end programming model for creating, reading, updating, and deleting (CRUD)
business dat
a. RAP also supports draft handling, authorization checks, side effects, validations, and custom
actions. RAP exposes the business services as OData services that can be consumed by SAP Fiori apps
or other clients2.
Question # 3
Given the following Core Data Service View Entity Data Definition:1 @AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED2 DEFINE VIEW ENTITY demo_flight_info_join3 AS SELECT4 FROM scarr AS a5 LEFT OUTER JOIN scounter AS c6 LEFT OUTER JOIN sairport AS p7 ON p.id = c.airport8 ON a.carrid = c.carrid9 {10 a.carrid AS carrier_id,11 p.id AS airport_id,12 c.countnum AS counter_number13 }In what order will the join statements be executed?
A. scarr will be joined with scounter first and the result will be joined with sairport. B. sairport will be joined to scounter first and the result will be joined with scarr. C. scarr will be joined with sairport first and the result will be joined with scounter. D. scounter will be joined to sairport first and the result will be joined with scarr.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The order in which the join statements will be executed is:
scarr will be joined with scounter first and the result will be joined with sairport.
This is because the join statements are nested from left to right, meaning that the leftmost data
source is joined with the next data source, and the result is joined with the next data source, and so
on. The join condition for each pair of data sources is specified by the ON clause that follows the data
source name. The join type for each pair of data sources is specified by the join operator that
precedes the data source name. In this case, the join operator is LEFT OUTER JOIN, which means that
all the rows from the left data source are included in the result, and only the matching rows from the
right data source are included. If there is no matching row from the right data source, the
corresponding fields are filled with initial values1.
Therefore, the join statements will be executed as follows:
First, scarr AS a will be joined with scounter AS c using the join condition a.carrid = c.carrid. This
means that all the rows from scarr will be included in the result, and only the rows from scounter
that have the same value for the carrid field will be included. If there is no matching row from
scounter, the countnum field will be filled with an initial value.
Second, the result of the first join will be joined with sairport AS p using the join condition p.id =
c.airport. This means that all the rows from the first join will be included in the result, and only the
rows from sairport that have the same value for the id field as the airport field from the first join will
be included. If there is no matching row from sairport, the id field will be filled with an initial value.
Reference: 1: Join - ABAP Keyword Documentation
Question # 4
You have two internal tables itab1 and itab2.What is true for using the expression itab1 =
corresponding #( itab2 )? Note: There are 2 correct answers to this question.
A. Fields with the same name but with different types may be copied from itab2 to itab1. B. itab1 and itab2 must have at least one field name in common. C. Fields with the same name and the same type will be copied from itab2 to itab1. D. itab1 and itab2 must have the same data type.
Answer: B, C
Explanation:
The expression itab1 = corresponding #( itab2 ) is a constructor expression with the component
operator CORRESPONDING that assigns the contents of the internal table itab2 to the internal table
itab1. The following statements are true for using this expression:
B: itab1 and itab2 must have at least one field name in common. This is because the component
operator CORRESPONDING assigns the identically named columns of itab2 to the identically named
columns of itab1 by default, according to the rules of MOVE-CORRESPONDING for internal tables. If
itab1 and itab2 do not have any field name in common, the expression will not assign any value to
itab1 and it will remain initial or unchanged1
C: Fields with the same name and the same type will be copied from itab2 to itab1. This is because
the component operator CORRESPONDING assigns the identically named columns of itab2 to the
identically named columns of itab1 by default, according to the rules of MOVE-CORRESPONDING for
internal tables. If the columns have the same name but different types, the assignment will try to
perform a conversion between the types, which may result in a loss of precision, a truncation, or a
runtime error, depending on the types involved1
The following statements are false for using this expression:
A: Fields with the same name but with different types may be copied from itab2 to itab1. This is not
true, as explained in statement C. The assignment will try to perform a conversion between the
types, which may result in a loss of precision, a truncation, or a runtime error, depending on the
types involved1
D: itab1 and itab2 must have the same data type. This is not true, as the component operator
CORRESPONDING can assign the contents of an internal table of one type to another internal table of
a different type, as long as they have at least one field name in common. The target type of the
expression is determined by the left-hand side of the assignment, which is itab1 in this case. The
expression will create an internal table of the same type as itab1 and assign it to itab11
when you attempt to activate the definition, what will be the response?
A. Activation error because the field names of the union do not match B. Activation error because the field types of the union do not match C. Activation error because the key fields of the union do not match D. Activation successful
Answer: A
Explanation:
The response will be an activation error because the field names of the union do not match. This is
because the field names of the union must match in order for the definition to be activated. The
union operator combines the result sets of two or more queries into a single result set. The queries
that are joined by the union operator must have the same number and type of fields, and the fields
must have the same names1. In the given code, the field names of the union do not match, because
the first query has the fields carrname, connid, cityfrom, and cityto, while the second query has the
fields carrname, carrier_id, cityfrom, and cityto. The field connid in the first query does not match
the field carrier_id in the second query. Therefore, the definition cannot be activated.
Reference: 1: UNION - ABAP Keyword Documentation
Question # 6
After you created a database table in the RESTful Application Programming model, what do you
create next?
A. A metadata extension B. A projection view C. A data model view D. A service definition
Answer: B
Explanation:
After you created a database table in the RESTful Application Programming model (RAP), the next
step is to create a projection view on the database table. A projection view is a CDS artefact that
defines a view on one or more data sources, such as tables, views, or associations. A projection view
can select, rename, or aggregate the fields of the data sources, but it cannot change the properties of
the fields, such as whether they are read-only or not. The properties of the fields are inherited from
the data sources or the behaviour definitions of the business objects12. For example:
The following code snippet defines a projection view ZI_AGENCY on the database table
/DMO/AGENCY:
define view ZI_AGENCY as select from /dmo/agency { key agency_id, agency_name, street, city,
region, postal_code, country, phone_number, url }
The projection view is used to expose the data of the database table to the service definition, which
is the next step in the RAP. The service definition is a CDS artefact that defines the interface and the
binding of a service. A service is a CDS entity that exposes the data and the functionality of one or
more business objects as OData, InA, or SQL services. A service definition can specify the properties
of the fields of a service, such as whether they are filterable, sortable, or aggregatable12. For
example:
The following code snippet defines a service definition ZI_AGENCY_SRV that exposes the projection
view ZI_AGENCY as an OData service:
define service ZI_AGENCY_SRV { expose ZI_AGENCY as Agency; }
You cannot do any of the following:
A . A metadata extension: A metadata extension is a CDS artefact that defines additional annotations
for a CDS entity, such as a business object, a service, or a projection view. A metadata extension can
specify the properties of the fields of a CDS entity for UI or analytical purposes, such as whether they
are visible, editable, or hidden. However, a metadata extension is not the next step after creating a
database table in the RAP, as it is not required to expose the data of the database table to the service
definition. A metadata extension can be created later to customize the UI or analytical application
that uses the service12.
C . A data model view: A data model view is a CDS artefact that defines a view on one or more data
sources, such as tables, views, or associations. A data model view can select, rename, or aggregate
the fields of the data sources, and it can also change the properties of the fields, such as whether
they are read-only or not. The properties of the fields are defined by the annotations or the
behaviour definitions of the data model view. A data model view is used to define the data model of
a business object, which is a CDS entity that represents a business entity or concept, such as a
customer, an order, or a product. However, a data model view is not the next step after creating a
database table in the RAP, as it is not required to expose the data of the database table to the service
definition. A data model view can be created later to define a business object that uses the database
table as a data source12.
D . A service definition: A service definition is a CDS artefact that defines the interface and the
binding of a service. A service is a CDS entity that exposes the data and the functionality of one or
more business objects as OData, InA, or SQL services. A service definition can specify the properties
of the fields of a service, such as whether they are filterable, sortable, or aggregatable. However, a
service definition is not the next step after creating a database table in the RAP, as it requires a
projection view or a data model view to expose the data of the database table. A service definition
can be created after creating a projection view or a data model view on the database table12.
Reference: 1: ABAP CDS - Data Definitions - ABAP Keyword Documentation - SAP Online Help 2: ABAP
CDS - Service Definitions - ABAP Keyword Documentation - SAP Online Help
Question # 7
Which of the following string functions are predicate functions? Note: There are 2 correct answers to
this question.
A. find_any_not_of() B. contains_any_of() C. count_any_of() D. matchesQ
Answer: B, D
Explanation:
String functions are expressions that can be used to manipulate character-like data in ABAP. String
functions can be either predicate functions or non-predicate functions. Predicate functions are string
functions that return a truth value (true or false) for a condition of the argument text. Non-predicate
functions are string functions that return a character-like result for an operation on the argument
text1.
The following string functions are predicate functions:
B . contains_any_of(): This function returns true if the argument text contains at least one of the
characters specified in the character set. For example, the following expression returns true, because
the text ˜ABAP contains at least one of the characters ˜A, ˜B, or ˜C:
contains_any_of( val = ˜ABAP set = ˜ABC ).
D . matches(): This function returns true if the argument text matches the pattern specified in the
regular expression. For example, the following expression returns true, because the text ˜ABAP
matches the pattern that consists of four uppercase letters:
matches( val = ˜ABAP regex = ˜[A-Z]{4} ).
The following string functions are not predicate functions, because they return a character-like
result, not a truth value:
A . find_any_not_of(): This function returns the position of the first character in the argument text
that is not contained in the character set. If no such character is found, the function returns 0. For
example, the following expression returns 3, because the third character of the text ˜ABAP is not
contained in the character set ˜ABC:
find_any_not_of( val = ˜ABAP set = ˜ABC ).
C . count_any_of(): This function returns the number of characters in the argument text that are
contained in the character set. For example, the following expression returns 2, because there are
two characters in the text ˜ABAP that are contained in the character set ˜ABC:
Exhibit:With Icl_super being superclass for Icl_subl and Icl_sub2 and with methods subl_methl andsub2_methl being subclass-specific methods of Id_subl or Icl_sub2, respectivel. What will happenwhen executing these casts? Note:There are 2 correct answers to this question
A. go subl = CAST # go super), will not work B. go_sub2 = CAST # go super), will work. go_subl CAST #go_super), will work C. go_sub2 = CAST #(go_super). will not work. ] go sub2->sub2 meth 1(...). will work D. go_subl->subl_meth !(...) w'll work.
Answer: AD
Explanation:
The following are the explanations for each statement:
A: This statement is correct. go_subl = CAST #(go_super) will not work. This is because go_subl is a
data object of type REF TO cl_subl, which is a reference to the subclass cl_subl. go_super is a data
object of type REF TO cl_super, which is a reference to the superclass cl_super. The CAST operator is
used to perform a downcast or an upcast of a reference variable to another reference variable of a
compatible type. A downcast is a conversion from a more general type to a more specific type, while
an upcast is a conversion from a more specific type to a more general type. In this case, the CAST
operator is trying to perform a downcast from go_super to go_subl, but this is not possible, as
go_super is not pointing to an instance of cl_subl, but to an instance of cl_super. Therefore, the CAST
operator will raise an exception CX_SY_MOVE_CAST_ERROR at runtime12
B: This statement is incorrect. go_sub2 = CAST #(go_super) will work. go_subl = CAST #(go_super)
will not work. This is because go_sub2 is a data object of type REF TO cl_sub2, which is a reference to
the subclass cl_sub2. go_super is a data object of type REF TO cl_super, which is a reference to the
superclass cl_super. The CAST operator is used to perform a downcast or an upcast of a reference
variable to another reference variable of a compatible type. A downcast is a conversion from a more
general type to a more specific type, while an upcast is a conversion from a more specific type to a
more general type. In this case, the CAST operator is trying to perform a downcast from go_super to
go_sub2, and this is possible, as go_super is pointing to an instance of cl_sub2, which is a subclass of
cl_super. Therefore, the CAST operator will assign the reference of go_super to go_sub2 without
raising an exception. However, the CAST operator will not work for go_subl, as explained in
statement A12
C: This statement is incorrect. go_sub2 = CAST #(go_super) will work. go_sub2->sub2_meth1(¦) will
not work. This is because go_sub2 is a data object of type REF TO cl_sub2, which is a reference to the
subclass cl_sub2. go_super is a data object of type REF TO cl_super, which is a reference to the
superclass cl_super. The CAST operator is used to perform a downcast or an upcast of a reference
variable to another reference variable of a compatible type. A downcast is a conversion from a more
general type to a more specific type, while an upcast is a conversion from a more specific type to a
more general type. In this case, the CAST operator is trying to perform a downcast from go_super to
go_sub2, and this is possible, as go_super is pointing to an instance of cl_sub2, which is a subclass of
cl_super. Therefore, the CAST operator will assign the reference of go_super to go_sub2 without
raising an exception. However, the method call go_sub2->sub2_meth1(¦) will not work, as
sub2_meth1 is a subclass-specific method of cl_sub2, which is not inherited by cl_super. Therefore,
the method call will raise an exception CX_SY_DYN_CALL_ILLEGAL_METHOD at runtime123
D: This statement is correct. go_subl->subl_meth1(¦) will work. This is because go_subl is a data
object of type REF TO cl_subl, which is a reference to the subclass cl_subl. subl_meth1 is a subclassspecific
method of cl_subl, which is not inherited by cl_super. Therefore, the method call go_subl-
>subl_meth1(¦) will work, as go_subl is pointing to an instance of cl_subl, which has the method
In a subclass subl you want to redefine a component of a superclass superl. How do you achieve this?
Note: There are 2 correct answers to this question.
A. You add the clause REDEFINITION to the component in subl. B. You implement the redefined component for a second time in superl. C. You implement the redefined component in subl. D. You add the clause REDEFINITION to the component in superl
Answer: A, C
Explanation:
To redefine a component of a superclass in a subclass, you need to do the following12:
You add the clause REDEFINITION to the component declaration in the subclass. This indicates that
the component is inherited from the superclass and needs to be reimplemented in the subclass. The
redefinition must happen in the same visibility section as the component declaration in the
superclass. For example, if the superclass has a public method m1, the subclass must also declare the
redefined method m1 as public with the REDEFINITION clause.
You implement the redefined component in the subclass. This means that you provide the new logic
or behavior for the component that is specific to the subclass. The redefined component in the
subclass will override the original component in the superclass when the subclass object is used. For
example, if the superclass has a method m1 that returns ˜Hello, the subclass can redefine the
method m1 to return ˜Hi instead.
You cannot do any of the following:
You implement the redefined component for a second time in the superclass. This is not possible,
because the superclass already has an implementation for the component that is inherited by the
subclass. The subclass is responsible for providing the new implementation for the redefined
component, not the superclass.
You add the clause REDEFINITION to the component in the superclass. This is not necessary, because
the superclass does not need to indicate that the component can be redefined by the subclass. The
subclass is the one that needs to indicate that the component is redefined by adding the
REDEFINITION clause to the component declaration in the subclass.
Reference: 1: METHODS - REDEFINITION - ABAP Keyword Documentation - SAP Online Help 2:
Redefining Methods - ABAP Keyword Documentation - SAP Online Help
Question # 10
In RESTful Application Programming, a business object contains which parts? Note: There are 2
correct answers to this question.
A. CDS view B. Behavior definition C. Authentication rules D. Process definition
Answer: A, B
Explanation:
In RESTful Application Programming, a business object contains two main parts: a CDS view and a
behavior definition1.
A . CDS view: A CDS view is a data definition that defines the structure and the data source of a
business object. A CDS view can consist of one or more entities that are linked by associations or
compositions. An entity is a CDS view element that represents a node or a projection of a business
object. An entity can have various annotations that define the metadata and the semantics of the
business object2.
B . Behavior definition: A behavior definition is a source code artifact that defines the behavior and
the validation rules of a business object. A behavior definition can specify the standard CRUD (create,
read, update, delete) operations, the draft handling, the authorization checks, and the side effects
for a business object. A behavior definition can also define custom actions, validations, and
determinations that implement the business logic of a business object3.
The following are not parts of a business object in RESTful Application Programming, because:
C . Authentication rules: Authentication rules are not part of a business object, but part of a service
binding. A service binding is a configuration artifact that defines how a business object is exposed as
an OData service. A service binding can specify the authentication method, the authorization scope,
the protocol version, and the service options for the OData service4.
D . Process definition: Process definition is not part of a business object, but part of a workflow. A
workflow is a business process that orchestrates the tasks and the events of a business object. A
workflow can be defined using the Workflow Editor in the SAP Business Application Studio or the SAP
Web IDE. A workflow can use the business objects APIs to trigger or consume events, execute
actions, or read or update data5.
Reference: 1: Business Object | SAP Help Portal 2: CDS View Entities | SAP Help Portal 3: Behavior
Definition | SAP Help Portal 4: Service Binding | SAP Help Portal 5: Workflow | SAP Help Portal
Question # 11
What are some characteristics of secondary keys for internal tables? Note: There are 3 correct
answers to this question.
A. Secondary keys must be chosen explicitly when you actually read from an internal table. B. Multiple secondary keys are allowed for any kind of internal table. C. Hashed secondary keys do NOT have to be unique. D. Sorted secondary keys do NOT have to be unique. E. Secondary keys can only be created for standard tables.
Answer: A, B, D
Explanation:
Secondary keys are additional keys that can be defined for internal tables to optimize the access to
the table using fields that are not part of the primary key. Secondary keys can be either sorted or
hashed, depending on the table type and the uniqueness of the key. Secondary keys have the
following characteristics1:
A . Secondary keys must be chosen explicitly when you actually read from an internal table. This
means that when you use a READ TABLE or a LOOP AT statement to access an internal table, you have
to specify the secondary key that you want to use with the USING KEY addition. For example, the
following statement reads an internal table itab using a secondary key sec_key:
READ TABLE itab USING KEY sec_key INTO DATA(wa).
If you do not specify the secondary key, the system will use the primary key by default2.
B . Multiple secondary keys are allowed for any kind of internal table. This means that you can define
more than one secondary key for an internal table, regardless of the table type. For example, the
following statement defines an internal table itab with two secondary keys sec_key_1 and
sec_key_2:
DATA itab TYPE SORTED TABLE OF ty_itab WITH NON-UNIQUE KEY sec_key_1 COMPONENTS field1
field2 sec_key_2 COMPONENTS field3 field4.
You can then choose which secondary key to use when you access the internal table1.
D . Sorted secondary keys do NOT have to be unique. This means that you can define a sorted
secondary key for an internal table that allows duplicate values for the key fields. A sorted secondary
key maintains a predefined sorting order for the internal table, which is defined by the key fields in
the order in which they are specified. For example, the following statement defines a sorted
secondary key sec_key for an internal table itab that sorts the table by field1 in ascending order and
field2 in descending order:
DATA itab TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ty_itab WITH NON-UNIQUE SORTED KEY sec_key COMPONENTS
field1 ASCENDING field2 DESCENDING.
You can then access the internal table using the sorted secondary key with a binary search algorithm,
which is faster than a linear search3.
The following are not characteristics of secondary keys for internal tables, because:
C . Hashed secondary keys do NOT have to be unique. This is false because hashed secondary keys
must be unique. This means that you can only define a hashed secondary key for an internal table
that does not allow duplicate values for the key fields. A hashed secondary key does not have a
predefined sorting order for the internal table, but uses a hash algorithm to store and access the
table rows. For example, the following statement defines a hashed secondary key sec_key for an
internal table itab that hashes the table by field1 and field2:
DATA itab TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ty_itab WITH UNIQUE HASHED KEY sec_key COMPONENTS
field1 field2.
You can then access the internal table using the hashed secondary key with a direct access algorithm,
which is very fast.
E . Secondary keys can only be created for standard tables. This is false because secondary keys can
be created for any kind of internal table, such as standard tables, sorted tables, and hashed tables.
However, the type of the secondary key depends on the type of the internal table. For example, a
standard table can have sorted or hashed secondary keys, a sorted table can have sorted secondary
keys, and a hashed table can have hashed secondary keys1.
What would be the correct expression to change a given string value 'mr joe doe' into 'JOE' in an
ABAP SQL field list?
A. SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDSOf1,upper(left( 'mr joe doe', 6)) AS f2_up_left, f3, B. SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDSOf1,left(lower(substring( 'mr joe doe', 4, 3)), 3) AS f2_left_lo_sub, f3, C. SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDSOf1,substring(upper('mr joe doe'), 4, 3) AS f2_sub_up, f3,... D. SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDSOf1,substring(lower(upper( 'mr joe doe' ) ), 4, 3) AS f2_sub_lo_up, f3,
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct expression to change a given string value ˜mr joe doe into ˜JOE in an ABAP SQL field list
is C. SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDS Of1, substring(upper(˜mr joe doe), 4, 3) AS f2_sub_up, f3,¦
This expression uses the following SQL functions for strings12:
upper: This function converts all lowercase characters in a string to uppercase. For example,
upper(˜mr joe doe) returns ˜MR JOE DOE.
substring: This function returns a substring of a given string starting from a specified position and
with a specified length. For example, substring(˜MR JOE DOE, 4, 3) returns ˜JOE.
AS: This keyword assigns an alias or a temporary name to a field or an expression in the field list. For
example, AS f2_sub_up assigns the name f2_sub_up to the expression substring(upper(˜mr joe doe),
4, 3).
You cannot do any of the following:
A . SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDS Of1, upper(left( ˜mr joe doe, 6)) AS f2_up_left, f3,¦: This
expression uses the wrong SQL function for strings to get the desired result. The left function returns
the leftmost characters of a string with a specified length, ignoring the trailing blanks. For example,
left( ˜mr joe doe, 6) returns ˜mr joe. Applying the upper function to this result returns ˜MR JOE,
which is not the same as ˜JOE.
B . SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDS Of1, left(lower(substring( ˜mr joe doe, 4, 3)), 3) AS
f2_left_lo_sub, f3,¦: This expression uses unnecessary and incorrect SQL functions for strings to get
the desired result. The lower function converts all uppercase characters in a string to lowercase. For
example, lower(substring( ˜mr joe doe, 4, 3)) returns ˜joe. Applying the left function to this result
with the same length returns ˜joe again, which is not the same as ˜JOE.
D . SELECT FROM TABLE dbtabl FIELDS Of1, substring(lower(upper( ˜mr joe doe ) ), 4, 3) AS
f2_sub_lo_up, f3,¦: This expression uses unnecessary and incorrect SQL functions for strings to get
the desired result. The lower function converts all uppercase characters in a string to lowercase, and
the upper function converts all lowercase characters in a string to uppercase. Applying both functions
to the same string cancels out the effect of each other and returns the original string. For example,
lower(upper( ˜mr joe doe ) ) returns ˜mr joe doe. Applying the substring function to this result
returns ˜joe, which is not the same as ˜JOE.
Reference: 1: SQL Functions for Strings - ABAP Keyword Documentation - SAP Online Help 2: sql_func
- String Functions - ABAP Keyword Documentation - SAP Online Help
Question # 13
What are valid statements? Note: There are 3 correct answers to this question
A. In class CL1, the interface method is named if-ml. B. Class CL2 uses the interface. C. Class CL1 uses the interface. D. In class CL2, the interface method is named ifl-ml. E. Class CL1 implements the interface.
Answer: BDE
Explanation:
The following are the explanations for each statement:
C: This statement is valid. Class CL1 uses the interface. This is because class CL1 implements the
interface ifl using the INTERFACES statement in the public section of the class definition. The
INTERFACES statement makes the class compatible with the interface and inherits all the
components of the interface. The class can then use the interface components, such as the method
ml, by using the interface component selector ~, such as ifl~ml12
E: This statement is valid. Class CL1 implements the interface. This is because class CL1 implements
the interface ifl using the INTERFACES statement in the public section of the class definition. The
INTERFACES statement makes the class compatible with the interface and inherits all the
components of the interface. The class must then provide an implementation for the interface
method ml in the implementation part of the class, unless the method is declared as optional or
abstract12
D: This statement is valid. In class CL2, the interface method is named ifl~ml. This is because class
CL2 has a data member named m0_ifl of type REF TO ifl, which is a reference to the interface ifl. The
interface ifl defines a method ml, which can be called using the reference variable m0_ifl. The
interface method ml has the name ifl~ml in the class, where ifl is the name of the interface and the
character ~ is the interface component selector12
The other statements are not valid, as they have syntax errors or logical errors. These statements are:
A: This statement is not valid. In class CL1, the interface method is named ifl~ml, not if-ml. This is
because class CL1 implements the interface ifl using the INTERFACES statement in the public section
of the class definition. The interface ifl defines a method ml, which can be called using the class
name or a reference to the class. The interface method ml has the name ifl~ml in the class, where ifl
is the name of the interface and the character ~ is the interface component selector. Using the
character - instead of the character ~ will cause a syntax error12
B: This statement is not valid. Class CL2 does not use the interface, but only has a reference to the
interface. This is because class CL2 has a data member named m0_ifl of type REF TO ifl, which is a
reference to the interface ifl. The interface ifl defines a method ml, which can be called using the
reference variable m0_ifl. However, class CL2 does not implement the interface ifl, nor does it inherit
the interface components. Therefore, class CL2 does not use the interface, but only references the
Exhibit:
What are valid statements? Note: There are 3 correct answers to this question.
A. go_if 1 may call method ml with go_ift->ml(). B. Instead of go ell = NEW #(...) you could use go ifl = NEW cll(. ... ). C. go_cll may call method ml with go_dl->ifl-ml(). D. Instead of go_cll = NEW #() you could use go_iff - NEW #(...). E. go_ifl may call method m2 with go if->m2(...).
Answer: ABE
Explanation:
The following are the explanations for each statement:
A: This statement is valid. go_ifl may call method ml with go_ifl->ml(). This is because go_ifl is a data
object of type REF TO ifl, which is a reference to the interface ifl. The interface ifl defines a method
ml, which can be called using the reference variable go_ifl. The class cll implements the interface ifl,
which means that it provides an implementation of the method ml. The data object go_ifl is assigned
to a new instance of the class cll using the NEW operator and the inline declaration operator
@DAT
A. Therefore, when go_ifl->ml() is called, the implementation of the method ml in the class cll
is executed123
B: This statement is valid. Instead of go_cll = NEW #(¦) you could use go_ifl = NEW cll(¦). This is
because go_ifl is a data object of type REF TO ifl, which is a reference to the interface ifl. The class cll
implements the interface ifl, which means that it is compatible with the interface ifl. Therefore, go_ifl
can be assigned to a new instance of the class cll using the NEW operator and the class name cll. The
inline declaration operator @DATA is optional in this case, as go_ifl is already declared. The
parentheses after the class name cll can be used to pass parameters to the constructor of the class
cll, if any123
E: This statement is valid. go_ifl may call method m2 with go_ifl->m2(¦). This is because go_ifl is a
data object of type REF TO ifl, which is a reference to the interface ifl. The class cll implements the
interface ifl, which means that it inherits all the components of the interface ifl. The class cll also
defines a method m2, which is a public method of the class cll. Therefore, go_ifl can call the method
m2 using the reference variable go_ifl. The method m2 is not defined in the interface ifl, but it is
accessible through the interface ifl, as the interface ifl is implemented by the class cll. The
parentheses after the method name m2 can be used to pass parameters to the method m2, if any123
The other statements are not valid, as they have syntax errors or logical errors. These statements are:
C: This statement is not valid. go_cll may call method ml with go_cll->ifl~ml(). This is because go_cll
is a data object of type REF TO cll, which is a reference to the class cll. The class cll implements the
interface ifl, which means that it inherits all the components of the interface ifl. The interface ifl
defines a method ml, which can be called using the reference variable go_cll. However, the syntax for
calling an interface method using a class reference is go_cll->ml(), not go_cll->ifl~ml(). The interface
component selector ~ is only used when calling an interface method using an interface reference,
such as go_ifl->ifl~ml(). Using the interface component selector ~ with a class reference will cause a
syntax error123
D: This statement is not valid. Instead of go_cll = NEW #() you could use go_ifl = NEW #(¦). This is
because go_ifl is a data object of type REF TO ifl, which is a reference to the interface ifl. The
interface ifl cannot be instantiated, as it does not have an implementation. Therefore, go_ifl cannot
be assigned to a new instance of the interface ifl using the NEW operator and the inline declaration
operator @DAT
A. This will cause a syntax error or a runtime error. To instantiate an interface, you
need to use a class that implements the interface, such as the class cll123
Reference: INTERFACES - ABAP Keyword Documentation, CLASS - ABAP Keyword
Documentation, NEW - ABAP Keyword Documentation
Question # 15
Which of the following results in faster access to internal tables? Note: There are 3 correct answers
to this question.
A. In a sorted internal table, specifying the primary key partially from the left without gaps. B. In a sorted internal table, specifying the primary key completely. C. In a standard internal table, specifying the primary key partially from the left without gaps. D. In a hashed internal table, specifying the primary key partially from the left without gaps. E. In a hashed internal table, specifying the primary key completely.
Answer: B, D, E
Explanation:
The access to internal tables can be optimized by using the appropriate table type and specifying the
table key. The table key is a set of fields that uniquely identifies a row in the table and determines
the sorting order of the table. The table key can be either the primary key or a secondary key. The
primary key is defined by the table type and the table definition, while the secondary key is defined
by the user using the KEY statement1.
The following results in faster access to internal tables:
B . In a sorted internal table, specifying the primary key completely. A sorted internal table is a table
type that maintains a predefined sorting order, which is defined by the primary key in the table
definition. The primary key can be either unique or non-unique. A sorted internal table can be
accessed using the primary key or the table index. The access using the primary key is faster than the
access using the table index, because the system can use a binary search algorithm to find the
row. However, the primary key must be specified completely, meaning that all the fields of the
primary key must be given in the correct order and without gaps2.
D . In a hashed internal table, specifying the primary key partially from the left without gaps. A
hashed internal table is a table type that does not have a predefined sorting order, but uses a hash
algorithm to store and access the rows. The primary key of a hashed internal table must be unique
and cannot be changed. A hashed internal table can only be accessed using the primary key, not the
table index. The access using the primary key is very fast, because the system can directly calculate
the position of the row using the hash algorithm. The primary key can be specified partially from the
left without gaps, meaning that some of the fields of the primary key can be omitted, as long as they
are the rightmost fields and there are no gaps between the specified fields.
E . In a hashed internal table, specifying the primary key completely. A hashed internal table is a
table type that does not have a predefined sorting order, but uses a hash algorithm to store and
access the rows. The primary key of a hashed internal table must be unique and cannot be changed.
A hashed internal table can only be accessed using the primary key, not the table index. The access
using the primary key is very fast, because the system can directly calculate the position of the row
using the hash algorithm. The primary key can be specified completely, meaning that all the fields of
the primary key must be given in the correct order.
The following do not result in faster access to internal tables, because:
A . In a sorted internal table, specifying the primary key partially from the left without gaps. A sorted
internal table is a table type that maintains a predefined sorting order, which is defined by the
primary key in the table definition. The primary key can be either unique or non-unique. A sorted
internal table can be accessed using the primary key or the table index. The access using the primary
key is faster than the access using the table index, because the system can use a binary search
algorithm to find the row. However, the primary key must be specified completely, meaning that all
the fields of the primary key must be given in the correct order and without gaps. If the primary key
is specified partially from the left without gaps, the system cannot use the binary search algorithm
and has to perform a linear search, which is slower2.
C . In a standard internal table, specifying the primary key partially from the left without gaps. A
standard internal table is a table type that does not have a predefined sorting order, but uses a
sequential storage and access of the rows. The primary key of a standard internal table is the
standard key, which consists of all the fields of the table row in the order in which they are defined. A
standard internal table can be accessed using the primary key or the table index. The access using the
primary key is slower than the access using the table index, because the system has to perform a
linear search to find the row. The primary key can be specified partially from the left without gaps,
but this does not improve the access speed, because the system still has to perform a linear search.
